One thing that makes the four-leaf clover a lucky charm is its rarity. The chances of stumbling across one are typically about one in 10,000—much less likely than seeing a shamrock.

E376,Causal Agent Beech leaf disease (BLD) is caused by an invasive nematode Litylenchus crenatae subsp. mccannii (Lcm; Figure 1). Nematodes are microscopic roundworms. Most nematodes are free-living, ...