Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), or testicular failure, is the most challenging type of male-factor infertility to manage. Various conditions that can lead to NOA have been identified (Box 1). While ...
Standard first-line management of NONOBSTRUCTIVE AZOOSPERMIA (NOA) is intracytoplasmic injection of oocytes with sperm retrieved surgically from the testes. Even when visualization of testicular ...