The advantage of a bona fide test is in its increased predictability and ease of application. The disadvantage lies in increased secrecy because it would protect communications that otherwise would ...

(Reuters) - The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals has opted against a test for attorney-client privilege that would have broadened the scope of the shield for communications in which lawyers ...

But much will turn on the Supreme Court’s decision. A significant-purpose test will expand the reach of the privilege and therefore secrecy, which may explain why lawyer and business groups, including ...

A Labour council has asked its staff to undertake a 'privilege test', claiming it will help root out unconscious bias in the workplace. The training, implemented by Westminster City Council ...

Furthermore, as discussed below, when courts do recognize the existence of the deliberative process privilege as applied to civil litigation, they apply a balancing test that offers judges wide ...

A flagship Labour council offered staff the option to take a “privilege test” in a move to combat unconscious bias against ethnic minorities. The council said the questions appeared on a ...