Measurement can be completed by comparison, direct measurement with a stylus-type instrument, or noncontact methods. A real surface contains irregularities (flaws, roughness, waviness, and lay) that ...

The insight that the texture of each piece of paper is slightly different — and therefore a unique identifier — is something discovered by the researchers on the project, which included ...

Optical microscopes are excellent for visualization of surface texture but they do not allow direct measurement of quantitative surface roughness parameters. Optical Profilers Optical profilers are ...