Round vascular bundles are visible inside each fold, serving to transport food and water through the leaf. Spines on the surface discourage animals from eating the leaf.

Vascular bundle – Xylem and phloem tissues, commonly known as leaf veins. Spongy mesophyll – Layer of parenchyma tissues loosely arranged to facilitate movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ...

Once inside the leaf (Fig. 1), ... microplastics can move to cells in a system called the vascular bundle that transports water and nutrients to tissues elsewhere in the plant.

The structure utilizes vascular hydrophilic fiber bundles that uniformly distribute water through the PV-leaf. Hydrogel cells are used to mimic the vascular bundles and sponge cells.

Increasing vascular bundle density has long been believed to be a key initial step in C 4 plant evolution. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing leaf vein density have remained elusive.

Spinach Leaf Transformed Into Beating Human Heart Tissue. Using the plant like scaffolding, scientists built a mini version of a working heart, which may one day aid in tissue regeneration.