Humoral immunity refers to antibody-mediated immune responses. Antibodies are produced by plasma cells and protect the host from infection in three main ways: by binding to pathogens to inhibit ...

the authors investigated whether MC activators could also boost protective immunity. As most pathogen exposure takes place on mucosal surfaces, the adjuvant properties of c48/80 were also tested ...

Antibodies in milk are either transferred from plasma by transudation or locally produced by cells that migrate to the mammary gland from other mucosal sites. [16] Breast milk contains high ...