Rates were high in the 19th century, but the economy boomed most when the rates were at their lowest. Skip to Main Content. ... German Business Sentiment Climbs as Expectations Brighten.

Kristin Schwab: So, I guess I’m wondering, if there’s so little data about how women existed in the economy in the 19th century, how do you even decide where to dig in?

Trade protectionism is nothing new in human history — not even in export-driven Germany, where in the 19th century, then-Chancellor Otto von Bismarck attempted to introduce protective tariffs on ...

But by the end of the 19th century, the industrial social-economic order that tariffs helped foster were quite different from what earlier protectionists had promised.

What female entrepreneurs of the 19th century can teach us about the modern economy. Economic researcher Ruveyda Nur Gozen analyzed 3,589 women-owned manufacturing businesses from the 1800s.