The Shortness of Breath in Heart Failure (SOB-HF) instrument (Table 1 ... with each descriptor rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), where ...

English-speaking adults with a chief complaint of "dyspnea" or "shortness of breath ... much more difficulty breathing" on a 5-point Likert scale, compared with the most recent measurement.

Many people don’t realize that heart failure can develop slowly, and the symptoms can seem mild at first. It can affect ...

A recent study published in the November issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, reveals that dyspnea ... patients with a previous history of heart disease or those at high risk for ...